Z:\>xcopy /?
複製檔案和樹狀目錄。
XCOPY source [destination] [/A | /M] [/D[:date]] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/V] [/W]
[/C] [/I] [/Q] [/F] [/L] [/G] [/H] [/R] [/T] [/U]
[/K] [/N] [/O] [/X] [/Y] [/-Y] [/Z]\r\r
[/EXCLUDE:file1[+file2][+file3]...]
source 指定要複製的檔案。
destination 指定位置或者/以及新檔案的名稱。
/A 只複製設定成保存屬性的檔案，不要改變屬性的設定。
/M 只複製設定成保存屬性的檔案，並清除保存屬性。
/D:m-d-y 複製在指定日期當天或之後發生變更的檔案。如果沒有給日期，
只複製那些來源檔案日期比目的檔案日期為新的檔案。
/EXCLUDE:file1[+file2][+file3]...
指定檔案清單字串。每個字串
應該在檔案中的不同行。如果有字串對應到要進行複製的檔案絕
對路徑的任何部分，這個檔案會被排除複製。例如，指定字串
\obj\ 或 .obj 的話，會排除所有在 obj 目錄下副檔名是
.obj 的檔案複製。
/P 在建立每個目的檔案時顯示提示。
/S 複製每個目錄及其包含的子目錄，不複製空目錄。
/E 複製每個目錄及其包含的子目錄，也複製空目錄。/S 與 /E
相同，能夠用來修改 /T。
/V 驗證每個新檔案。
/W 在複製之前提示您按鍵繼續。
/C 如果錯誤發生時也繼續複製。
/I 如果目的不存在且複製一個以上的檔案的話，就假設指定的
目的一定是目錄。
/Q 在複製時不要顯示檔名。
/F 在複製時顯示來源及目的檔案的全部檔名。
/L 顯示要複製的檔案。
/G 允許加密檔案複製到不支援加密的
目的地。
/H 時複製隱藏檔和系統檔。
/R 覆蓋唯讀檔案。
/T 建立目錄結構，但不複製其中的檔案。不包括空目錄及子目錄。
/T /E 會包括空目錄及子目錄。
/U 只複製已經存在目的位置的檔案。
/K 複製檔案屬性。通常 Xcopy 會重設唯讀的屬性。
/N 用所產生的短檔名來進行複製。
/O 複製檔案所有權及 ACL 資訊。
/X 複製檔案審查設定 (包含 /O)。
/Y 不要提示您確認是否要覆蓋一個已經存在的檔案。
/-Y 示您確認是否要覆蓋一個已經存在的檔案。
/Z 在可重新開始的模式中複製網路檔案。
參數 /Y 可以在 COPYCMD 環境變數中預先設定。但可以在命令列中用 /-Y 參數
來覆蓋原有設定。
備份用 XCOPY
xcopy 來源資料夾 目的資料夾 /S /D /Y
- Mar 16 Wed 2011 16:13
用 XCOPY 備份資料
- Mar 07 Mon 2011 09:24
20 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know
Need to monitor Linux server performance? Try these built-in command and a few add-on tools. Most Linux distributions are equipped with tons of monitoring. These tools provide metrics which can be used to get information about system activities. You can use these tools to find the possible causes of a performance problem. The commands discussed below are some of the most basic commands when it comes to system analysis and debugging server issues such as:
- Finding out bottlenecks.
- Disk (storage) bottlenecks.
- CPU and memory bottlenecks.
- Network bottlenecks.
#1: top - Process Activity Command
The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system i.e. actual process activity. By default, it displays the most CPU-intensive tasks running on the server and updates the list every five seconds.
Fig.01: Linux top commandCommonly Used Hot Keys
The top command provides several useful hot keys:
| Hot Key | Usage |
|---|---|
| t | Displays summary information off and on. |
| m | Displays memory information off and on. |
| A | Sorts the display by top consumers of various system resources. Useful for quick identification of performance-hungry tasks on a system. |
| f | Enters an interactive configuration screen for top. Helpful for setting up top for a specific task. |
| o | Enables you to interactively select the ordering within top. |
| r | Issues renice command. |
| k | Issues kill command. |
| z | Turn on or off color/mono |
=> Related:How do I Find Out Linux CPU Utilization?
#2: vmstat - System Activity, Hardware and System Information
The command vmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity.
# vmstat 3
Sample Outputs:
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 2 32 4 2 4 1 96 0 0
1 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 0 720 1199 665 1 0 99 0 0
0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130400 0 0 0 0 1151 1569 4 1 95 0 0
0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130500 0 0 0 6 1117 439 1 0 99 0 0
0 0 0 2540940 522188 5130512 0 0 0 536 1189 932 1 0 98 0 0
0 0 0 2538444 522188 5130588 0 0 0 0 1187 1417 4 1 96 0 0
0 0 0 2490060 522188 5130640 0 0 0 18 1253 1123 5 1 94 0 0
Display Memory Utilization Slabinfo
# vmstat -mGet Information About Active / Inactive Memory Pages
# vmstat -a=> Related:How do I find out Linux Resource utilization to detect system bottlenecks?
#3: w - Find Out Who Is Logged on And What They Are Doing
w command displays information about the users currently on the machine, and their processes.
# w username
# w vivek
Sample Outputs:
17:58:47 up 5 days, 20:28, 2 users, load average: 0.36, 0.26, 0.24
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root pts/0 10.1.3.145 14:55 5.00s 0.04s 0.02s vim /etc/resolv.conf
root pts/1 10.1.3.145 17:43 0.00s 0.03s 0.00s w
#4: uptime - Tell How Long The System Has Been Running
The uptime command can be used to see how long the server has been running. The current time, how long the system has been running, how many users are currently logged on, and the system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
# uptime
Output:
18:02:41 up 41 days, 23:42, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
1 can be considered as optimal load value. The load can change from system to system. For a single CPU system 1 - 3 and SMP systems 6-10 load value might be acceptable.
#5: ps - Displays The Processes
ps command will report a snapshot of the current processes. To select all processes use the -A or -e option:
# ps -A
Sample Outputs:
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:02 init
2 ? 00:00:02 migration/0
3 ? 00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0
4 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
5 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
6 ? 00:00:15 ksoftirqd/1
....
.....
4881 ? 00:53:28 java
4885 tty1 00:00:00 mingetty
4886 tty2 00:00:00 mingetty
4887 tty3 00:00:00 mingetty
4888 tty4 00:00:00 mingetty
4891 tty5 00:00:00 mingetty
4892 tty6 00:00:00 mingetty
4893 ttyS1 00:00:00 agetty
12853 ? 00:00:00 cifsoplockd
12854 ? 00:00:00 cifsdnotifyd
14231 ? 00:10:34 lighttpd
14232 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
54981 pts/0 00:00:00 vim
55465 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
55546 ? 00:00:00 bind9-snmp-stat
55704 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
ps is just like top but provides more information.
Show Long Format Output
# ps -Al
To turn on extra full mode (it will show command line arguments passed to process):
# ps -AlF
To See Threads ( LWP and NLWP)
# ps -AlFHTo See Threads After Processes
# ps -AlLmPrint All Process On The Server
# ps ax
# ps axuPrint A Process Tree
# ps -ejH
# ps axjf
# pstreePrint Security Information
# ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
# ps axZ
# ps -eMSee Every Process Running As User Vivek
# ps -U vivek -u vivek uSet Output In a User-Defined Format
# ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
# ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
# ps -eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchanDisplay Only The Process IDs of Lighttpd
# ps -C lighttpd -o pid=
OR
# pgrep lighttpd
OR
# pgrep -u vivek php-cgi
Display The Name of PID 55977
# ps -p 55977 -o comm=Find Out The Top 10 Memory Consuming Process
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 4 | head -10Find Out top 10 CPU Consuming Process
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 3 | head -10#6: free - Memory Usage
The command free displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers used by the kernel.
# free
Sample Output:
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 12302896 9739664 2563232 0 523124 5154740
-/+ buffers/cache: 4061800 8241096
Swap: 1052248 0 1052248
=> Related:
:
- Linux Find Out Virtual Memory PAGESIZE
- Linux Limit CPU Usage Per Process
- How much RAM does my Ubuntu / Fedora Linux desktop PC have?
#7: iostat - Average CPU Load, Disk Activity
The command iostat report Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for devices, partitions and network filesystems (NFS).
# iostat
Sample Outputs:
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
3.50 0.09 0.51 0.03 0.00 95.86
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda 22.04 31.88 512.03 16193351 260102868
sda1 0.00 0.00 0.00 2166 180
sda2 22.04 31.87 512.03 16189010 260102688
sda3 0.00 0.00 0.00 1615 0
=> Related:
: Linux Track NFS Directory / Disk I/O Stats
#8: sar - Collect and Report System Activity
The sar command is used to collect, report, and save system activity information. To see network counter, enter:
# sar -n DEV | more
To display the network counters from the 24th:
# sar -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa24 | more
You can also display real time usage using sar:
# sar 4 5
Sample Outputs:
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
06:45:12 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
06:45:16 PM all 2.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 97.78
06:45:20 PM all 2.07 0.00 0.38 0.03 0.00 97.52
06:45:24 PM all 0.94 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 98.78
06:45:28 PM all 1.56 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 98.22
06:45:32 PM all 3.53 0.00 0.25 0.03 0.00 96.19
Average: all 2.02 0.00 0.27 0.01 0.00 97.70
=> Related:
: How to collect Linux system utilization data into a file
#9: mpstat - Multiprocessor Usage
The mpstat command displays activities for each available processor, processor 0 being the first one. mpstat -P ALL to display average CPU utilization per processor:
# mpstat -P ALL
Sample Output:
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
06:48:11 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s
06:48:11 PM all 3.50 0.09 0.34 0.03 0.01 0.17 0.00 95.86 1218.04
06:48:11 PM 0 3.44 0.08 0.31 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.00 96.04 1000.31
06:48:11 PM 1 3.10 0.08 0.32 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.00 96.28 34.93
06:48:11 PM 2 4.16 0.11 0.36 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.00 95.25 0.00
06:48:11 PM 3 3.77 0.11 0.38 0.03 0.01 0.24 0.00 95.46 44.80
06:48:11 PM 4 2.96 0.07 0.29 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.00 96.52 25.91
06:48:11 PM 5 3.26 0.08 0.28 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.00 96.23 14.98
06:48:11 PM 6 4.00 0.10 0.34 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.00 95.42 3.75
06:48:11 PM 7 3.30 0.11 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.46 0.00 95.69 76.89
=> Related:
: Linux display each multiple SMP CPU processors utilization individually.
#10: pmap - Process Memory Usage
The command pmap report memory map of a process. Use this command to find out causes of memory bottlenecks.
# pmap -d PID
To display process memory information for pid # 47394, enter:
# pmap -d 47394
Sample Outputs:
47394: /usr/bin/php-cgi
Address Kbytes Mode Offset Device Mapping
0000000000400000 2584 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 php-cgi
0000000000886000 140 rw--- 0000000000286000 008:00002 php-cgi
00000000008a9000 52 rw--- 00000000008a9000 000:00000 [ anon ]
0000000000aa8000 76 rw--- 00000000002a8000 008:00002 php-cgi
000000000f678000 1980 rw--- 000000000f678000 000:00000 [ anon ]
000000314a600000 112 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314a81b000 4 r---- 000000000001b000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314a81c000 4 rw--- 000000000001c000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314aa00000 1328 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so
000000314ab4c000 2048 ----- 000000000014c000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so
.....
......
..
00002af8d48fd000 4 rw--- 0000000000006000 008:00002 xsl.so
00002af8d490c000 40 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4916000 2044 ----- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b15000 4 r---- 0000000000009000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b16000 4 rw--- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b17000 768000 rw-s- 0000000000000000 000:00009 zero (deleted)
00007fffc95fe000 84 rw--- 00007ffffffea000 000:00000 [ stack ]
ffffffffff600000 8192 ----- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ]
mapped: 933712K writeable/private: 4304K shared: 768000K
The last line is very important:
- mapped: 933712K total amount of memory mapped to files
- writeable/private: 4304K the amount of private address space
- shared: 768000K the amount of address space this process is sharing with others
=> Related:
: Linux find the memory used by a program / process using pmap command
#11 and #12: netstat and ss - Network Statistics
The command netstat displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. ss command is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. See the following resources about ss and netstat commands:
- ss: Display Linux TCP / UDP Network and Socket Information
- Get Detailed Information About Particular IP address Connections Using netstat Command
#13: iptraf - Real-time Network Statistics
The iptraf command is interactive colorful IP LAN monitor. It is an ncurses-based IP LAN monitor that generates various network statistics including TCP info, UDP counts, ICMP and OSPF information, Ethernet load info, node stats, IP checksum errors, and others. It can provide the following info in easy to read format:
- Network traffic statistics by TCP connection
- IP traffic statistics by network interface
- Network traffic statistics by protocol
- Network traffic statistics by TCP/UDP port and by packet size
- Network traffic statistics by Layer2 address
Fig.02: General interface statistics: IP traffic statistics by network interface
Fig.03 Network traffic statistics by TCP connection#14: tcpdump - Detailed Network Traffic Analysis
The tcpdump is simple command that dump traffic on a network. However, you need good understanding of TCP/IP protocol to utilize this tool. For.e.g to display traffic info about DNS, enter:
# tcpdump -i eth1 'udp port 53'
To display all IPv4 HTTP packets to and from port 80, i.e. print only packets that contain data, not, for example, SYN and FIN packets and ACK-only packets, enter:
# tcpdump 'tcp port 80 and (((ip[2:2] - ((ip[0]&0xf)<<2)) - ((tcp[12]&0xf0)>>2)) != 0)'
To display all FTP session to 202.54.1.5, enter:
# tcpdump -i eth1 'dst 202.54.1.5 and (port 21 or 20'
To display all HTTP session to 192.168.1.5:
# tcpdump -ni eth0 'dst 192.168.1.5 and tcp and port http'
Use wireshark to view detailed information about files, enter:
# tcpdump -n -i eth1 -s 0 -w output.txt src or dst port 80
#15: strace - System Calls
Trace system calls and signals. This is useful for debugging webserver and other server problems. See how to use to trace the process and see What it is doing.
#16: /Proc file system - Various Kernel Statistics
/proc file system provides detailed information about various hardware devices and other Linux kernel information. See Linux kernel /proc documentations for further details. Common /proc examples:
# cat /proc/cpuinfo
# cat /proc/meminfo
# cat /proc/zoneinfo
# cat /proc/mounts
17#: Nagios - Server And Network Monitoring
Nagios
is a popular open source computer system and network monitoring application software. You can easily monitor all your hosts, network equipment and services. It can send alert when things go wrong and again when they get better. FAN is "Fully Automated Nagios". FAN goals are to provide a Nagios installation including most tools provided by the Nagios Community. FAN provides a CDRom image in the standard ISO format, making it easy to easilly install a Nagios server. Added to this, a wide bunch of tools are including to the distribution, in order to improve the user experience around Nagios.
18#: Cacti - Web-based Monitoring Tool
Cacti is a complete network graphing solution designed to harness the power of RRDTool's data storage and graphing functionality. Cacti provides a fast poller, advanced graph templating, multiple data acquisition methods, and user management features out of the box. All of this is wrapped in an intuitive, easy to use interface that makes sense for LAN-sized installations up to complex networks with hundreds of devices. It can provide data about network, CPU, memory, logged in users, Apache, DNS servers and much more. See how to install and configure Cacti network graphing tool under CentOS / RHEL.
#19: KDE System Guard - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing
KSysguard is a network enabled task and system monitor application for KDE desktop. This tool can be run over ssh session. It provides lots of features such as a client/server architecture that enables monitoring of local and remote hosts. The graphical front end uses so-called sensors to retrieve the information it displays. A sensor can return simple values or more complex information like tables. For each type of information, one or more displays are provided. Displays are organized in worksheets that can be saved and loaded independently from each other. So, KSysguard is not only a simple task manager but also a very powerful tool to control large server farms.
Fig.05 KDE System Guard {Image credit: Wikipedia}
See the KSysguard handbook for detailed usage.
#20: Gnome System Monitor - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing
The System Monitor application enables you to display basic system information and monitor system processes, usage of system resources, and file systems. You can also use System Monitor to modify the behavior of your system. Although not as powerful as the KDE System Guard, it provides the basic information which may be useful for new users:
- Displays various basic information about the computer's hardware and software.
- Linux Kernel version
- GNOME version
- Hardware
- Installed memory
- Processors and speeds
- System Status
- Currently available disk space
- Processes
- Memory and swap space
- Network usage
- File Systems
- Lists all mounted filesystems along with basic information about each.
Fig.06 The Gnome System Monitor applicationBonus: Additional Tools
A few more tools:
- nmap - scan your server for open ports.
- lsof - list open files, network connections and much more.
- ntop web based tool - ntop is the best tool to see network usage in a way similar to what top command does for processes i.e. it is network traffic monitoring software. You can see network status, protocol wise distribution of traffic for UDP, TCP, DNS, HTTP and other protocols.
- Conky - Another good monitoring tool for the X Window System. It is highly configurable and is able to monitor many system variables including the status of the CPU, memory, swap space, disk storage, temperatures, processes, network interfaces, battery power, system messages, e-mail inboxes etc.
- GKrellM - It can be used to monitor the status of CPUs, main memory, hard disks, network interfaces, local and remote mailboxes, and many other things.
- vnstat - vnStat is a console-based network traffic monitor. It keeps a log of hourly, daily and monthly network traffic for the selected interface(s).
- htop - htop is an enhanced version of top, the interactive process viewer, which can display the list of processes in a tree form.
- mtr - mtr combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single network diagnostic tool.
Did I miss something? Please add your favorite system motoring tool in the comments.
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- Mar 07 Mon 2011 09:21
Howto: Linux Add User To Group
by VIVEK GITE
How can I add a user to a group under Linux operating system?
You can use the useradd or usermod commands to add a user to a group. The useradd command creates a new user or update default new user information. The usermod command modifies a user account i.e. it is useful to add user to existing group. There are two types of group. First is primary user group and other is secondary group. All user account related information is stored in /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group files to store user information.
useradd Example - Add A New User To Secondary Group
You need to the useradd command to add new users to existing group (or create a new group and then add user). If group does not exist, create it. The syntax is as follows:
useradd -G {group-name} username
In this example, create a new user called vivek and add it to group called developers. First login as a root user (make sure group developers exists), enter:
# grep developers /etc/group
Output:
developers:x:1124:
If you do not see any output then you need to add group developers using groupadd command:
# groupadd developers
Next, add a user called vivek to group developers:
# useradd -G developers vivek
Setup password for user vivek:
# passwd vivek
Ensure that user added properly to group developers:
# id vivekOutput:
uid=1122(vivek) gid=1125(vivek) groups=1125(vivek),1124(developers)
Please note that capital G (-G) option add user to a list of supplementary groups. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. For example, add user jerry to groups admins, ftp, www, and developers, enter:
# useradd -G admins,ftp,www,developers jerry
useradd example - Add a new user to primary group
To add a user tony to group developers use following command:
# useradd -g developers tony
# id tony
Sample outputs:
uid=1123(tony) gid=1124(developers) groups=1124(developers)
Please note that small -g option add user to initial login group (primary group). The group name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group.
usermod example - Add a existing user to existing group
Add existing user tony to ftp supplementary/secondary group with usermod command using -a option ~ i.e. add the user to the supplemental group(s). Use only with -G option :
# usermod -a -G ftp tony
Change existing user tony primary group to www:
# usermod -g www tony
- Feb 03 Thu 2011 14:24
過年期間的禁忌
整個過年期間(大年初一～初五)
- •大年初五以前忌倒污水、灑水、掃地、倒垃圾或將水往外潑，傳統認為每戶家中都家中都藏有福氣財運，灑水、掃地與倒垃圾會將財神爺趕跑與掃走財富與好運，另外，垃圾也不能丟掉，必需等到初五隔開日才可進行一次的清掃，掃地時要注意要從外往裡面掃，象徵將金銀財寶掃進來。
- •忌殺生、忌打罵小孩、忌生氣罵人與人爭執、忌向人討債，新的一年有好的開始才會旺一整年。
- •儘量不要打針、開刀、看病，以祈求新的一年身體健康。
- •吃長年菜不可切斷，才可長命百歲。
- •忌說不吉利的話語，會讓今年一整年不吉利。
- •忌動刀剪針線，所以過年期間所需烹調的食材宜年三十就切好準備妥當。
- •忌跟還未起床的人拜年，會讓對方一整年都疾病纏身。
- •嫁出的女兒宜初二、三回娘家，不可於大年初一、四、五這幾天回娘家，會導致娘家家運衰敗。
- •大年初一到初五忌吃魚頭、魚尾，魚為年菜必備菜餚，留下魚頭魚尾不吃象徵「有餘」，來年慶有餘。
- •大年初一到初五忌被他人自口袋掏取物件。
- •大年初五，傳統習俗上初一到初四，垃圾為「財氣」，但到初五隔開日以後，垃圾反為「窮氣」，因此初五要將過年期間所有的垃圾清倒乾淨，謂之送窮出門，可帶來好運與財運。
- •過年期間忌將衣服曝曬於戶外。
- •忌用白色物品，例如年糕用的糖不用白糖而用紅糖。
- •忌煎粿，萬一不小心將年粿煎焦掉，焦台語與「赤」同音，不祥由赤貧之意。
大年初一
- •大年初一忌打破碗、鏡子等玻璃、陶瓷器物品，以防破財破運，若真不小心打破了補救方式就是用紅紙包起來，先放置在神桌上，默唸「歲歲平安」吉祥話語，等待破五日再丟棄。
- •大年初一早上忌洗澡、洗頭、洗衣物，才不會將財富與財運洗掉。
- •大年初一忌叫他人姓名催人起床，這樣會讓對方整年都被人催促做事。
- •大年初一早上忌吃稀飯、忌吃葷食與忌吃藥，古時後窮人才會吃不起飯而吃稀飯，若於大年初一吃稀飯會導致一整年的貧窮，另外大年初一忌殺生，所以也不適宜吃葷食，因而台語有句俗諺「初一早吃菜恰贏吃一年齋」，初一也儘量不要吃藥，除非重病外，健康的人不適宜在這一天吃補藥。
- •大年初一不煮新飯，要吃除夕留下的過年飯。寓意去年的東西吃不完，到今年還有剩餘。
- •大年初一忌睡午覺，依古訓「禁晝寢」勸人不要懶散，若於大年初一睡午覺會影響事業運。
- •大年初一、二忌洗衣，傳說者兩天是水神生日，因此忌洗衣。
大年初二
- •大年初二，女兒回娘家忌回門禮為單，由於傳統上認為單數不吉利，女婿帶回娘家的禮物必需成雙。
- •大年初一、二忌洗衣，傳說者兩天是水神生日，因此忌洗衣。
大年初三
- •大年初三老鼠娶親忌點燈。
- •大年初三赤狗日忌拜年，赤狗為熛怒之神，遇之不祥，因此不宜外出也不宜拜年
大年初四
- •忌出遠門，這一天是民間習俗接神日，迎接眾神明、灶王爺與家神回來守護家人，灶王爺會點名，所以不宜外出。
大年初五
- •一定要將過年期間所製造的垃圾清掃乾淨，謂之「送窮」，否則會帶來窮困。
大年初七
- •大年初七，為七煞日，諸事不宜尤其是出遠門。
大年初九
- •大年初九為天公生，為玉皇上帝聖誕，忌曬衣服，也不能挑肥糞。
- Jan 11 Tue 2011 13:59
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